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How To Start A Gang Set

Written By Thursday, April 21, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Violent group of individuals

"Street gang", "Crime gang", and "Gang culture" redirect here. For the Sesame Street book, come across Street Gang. For similar term, see criminal gang. For the Ice-T album, see Gang Culture (album).

A gang is a group or guild of associates, friends or members of a family with a defined leadership and internal arrangement that identifies with or claims control over territory in a community and engages, either individually or collectively, in illegal, and possibly fierce, behavior.

Definition

The discussion "gang" derives from the past participle of Old English gan, significant "to become". It is cognate with Old Norse gangr,[ane] meaning "journey."[2] It typically means a grouping of people, and may accept neutral, positive or negative connotations depending on usage.[iii] [4] [five]

History

Apache gangsters fight police force. Paris, 1904

In discussing the banditry in American history, Barrington Moore, Jr. suggests that gangsterism equally a "form of self-help which victimizes others" may appear in societies which lack strong "forces of law and order"; he characterizes European feudalism equally "mainly gangsterism that had get lodge itself and acquired respectability through the notions of chivalry".[vi]

The 17th century saw London "terrorized by a serial of organized gangs",[7] some of them known as the Mims, Hectors, Bugles, and Dead Boys. These gangs often came into conflict with each other. Members dressed "with colored ribbons to distinguish the different factions."[eight] During the Victorian era, criminals and gangs started to form organizations which would collectively become London's criminal underworld.[9] Criminal societies in the underworld started to develop their ain ranks and groups which were sometimes called families, and were often made upwardly of lower-classes and operated on pick-pocketry, prostitution, forgery and counterfeiting, commercial burglary and money laundering schemes.[9] [10] Unique besides were the employ of slangs and argots used by Victorian criminal societies to distinguish each other, like those propagated by street gangs similar the Peaky Blinders.[11] [12]

In the United States, the history of gangs began on the E Coast in 1783 following the American Revolution.[13] Gangs arose farther in the United States by the middle of the nineteenth century and were a business for city leaders from the time they appeared.[14] The emergence of the gangs was largely attributed to the vast rural population immigration to the urban areas. The kickoff street-gang in the United states, the 40 Thieves, began around the tardily 1820s in New York City. The gangs in Washington D.C. had control of what is now Federal Triangle, in a region then known as Murder Bay.[15] Organized crime in the Usa beginning came to prominence in the Old W and historians such as Brian J. Robb and Erin H. Turner traced the first organized law-breaking syndicates to the Coschise Cowboy Gang and the Wild Bunch.[sixteen] [17] Prohibition would too cause a new boom in the emergence of gangs; Chicago for case had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s.[18]

Outside of the United states and the UK, gangs exist in both urban and rural forms, like the French gangs of the Belle Époque like the Apaches and the Bonnot Gang.[19] Many criminal organizations like the Italian Cosa Nostra, Japanese Yakuza, Russian Bratva, and Chinese Triads, have existed for centuries.[twenty]

Types

Gangs, syndicates, and other criminal groups, come in many forms, each with their ain specialties and gang culture.[21]

Mafia

One of the nearly infamous criminal gangs are Mafias, whose activities include racketeering and overseeing illicit agreements.[22] These include the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the Italian-American Mafia.[23] The Neapolitan Camorra, the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta and the Apulian Sacra Corona Unita are like Italian organized gangs. Outside of Italy, the Irish Mob, Japanese Yakuza, Chinese Triads, and Russian Bratva are likewise examples.[24] [25]

Narco

Narcos or drug cartels are slang terms used for criminal groups (mainly Latin Americans) who primarily deal with the illegal drug trade.[26] These include drug cartels like the Medellin Cartel and other Colombian cartels, Mexican cartels like the Sinaloa Cartel and Los Zetas, and the Primeiro Comando da Upper-case letter in Brazil.[27] Other examples are Jamaican Yardies and the diverse opium barons in the Gilt Triangle and Golden Crescent. Many narcos are known for their utilize of paramilitaries and narcoterrorism like the Gulf Cartel and Shower Posse.[28]

Street gang

Street gangs are gangs formed past youths in urban areas, and are known primarily for street fighting and gang warfare.[29] The term "street gang" is commonly used interchangeably with "youth gang", referring to neighborhood or street-based youth groups that see "gang" criteria.[30] Miller (1992) defines a street gang as "a cocky-formed association of peers, united by mutual interests, with identifiable leadership and internal organization, who act collectively or as individuals to accomplish specific purposes, including the conduct of illegal activeness and control of a particular territory, facility, or enterprise."[31] Some of the well-known ones are the Black gangs like the Bloods and the Crips, also the Vice Lords and the Gangster Disciples. Other racial gangs also be similar the Trinitario, Sureños, Tiny Rascal Gang, Asian Boyz, Wa Ching, Zoe Pound, The Latin Kings, The Hammerskins, Nazi Lowriders and Blood & Honour.

Biker gang

Biker gangs are motorcycle clubs who behave illegal activities similar the Hells Angels, the Pagans, the Outlaws, and the Bandidos,[32] [33] known every bit the "Large Four".[34] The U.S. Department of Justice defines outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMG) equally "organizations whose members use their motorbike clubs every bit conduits for criminal enterprises".[35] Some clubs are considered "outlaw" non necessarily considering they engage in criminal activity, but because they are non sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Clan (AMA) and do not attach to the AMA'southward rules. Instead the clubs have their own set of bylaws reflecting the outlaw biker culture.[36] [37] [38] [39] [40] Biker gangs also be outside of the United States such every bit the Rebels Motorcycle Club in Commonwealth of australia.

Prison gang

Prison house gangs are formed within prisons and correctional facilities for mutual protection and entrancement similar the Mexican Mafia and United Blood Nation.[41] [42] Prison house gangs often accept several "affiliates" or "chapters" in dissimilar state prison systems that branch out due to the movement or transfer of their members.[43] According to criminal justice professor John Hagedorn, many of the biggest gangs from Chicago originated from prisons. From the St. Charles Illinois Youth Center originated the Conservative Vice Lords and Blackstone Rangers. Although the majority of gang leaders from Chicago are now incarcerated, near of those leaders proceed to manage their gangs from inside prison.[43]

Punk gang

Punk gangs are a unique blazon of gang fabricated upward of members who follow the punk rock ideology.[44] Unlike other gangs and criminal groups, punk gangs follow a range of political and philosophical beliefs that tin range from alt-right to radical left. Differing ideologies are ane of the causes of conflicts between rival punk gangs, compared to other street gangs and criminal groups who wage gang war solely for illegal profit, vendetta, and territory.[45] Most of them can be seen in political and social protests and demonstrations and are sometimes in violent confrontation with law-enforcement. Examples of punk gangs are Fight For Freedom, Friends Stand United, and Straight Edge gangs.[46] [47]

Vigilante gang

Contemporary organized crime has also led to the creation of anti-gang groups, vigilante gangs, and autodefensas, who are groups who profess to exist fighting against gang influence, simply share characteristics and acts similarly to a gang.[48] [49] [l] These include groups like the Los Pepes, Sombra Negra, Friends Stand up United, People Confronting Gangsterism and Drugs, and OG Imba.

Structure

Latin Male monarch gang member showing his gang tattoo, a lion with a crown, and signifying the 5 indicate star with his hands

Many types of gangs make up the general structure of an organized group.[51] Agreement the structure of gangs is a disquisitional skill to defining the types of strategies that are near effective with dealing with them, from the at-risk youth to the gang leaders.[52] Non all individuals who display the outward signs of gang membership are actually involved in criminal activities. An private's age, physical structure, ability to fight, willingness to commit violence, and arrest tape are often chief factors in determining where an individual stands in the gang bureaucracy; how money derived from criminal activity and ability to provide for the gang also impacts the private's status within the gang. The structure of gangs varies depending primarily on size, which tin range from five or 10 to thousands. Many of the larger gangs break upwards into smaller groups, cliques or sub-sets (these smaller groups can be called "sets" in gang slang.)[53] The cliques typically bring more territory to a gang equally they expand and recruit new members. Most gangs operate informally with leadership falling to whomever takes control; others have distinct leadership and are highly structured, which resembles more or less a business or corporation.

Criminal gangs may function both inside and outside of prison house, such as the Nuestra Familia, Mexican Mafia, Folk Nation, and the Brazilian[27] PCC. During the 1970s, prison gangs in Cape Town, South Africa began recruiting street gang members from outside and helped increase associations betwixt prison and street gangs.[54] In the US, the prison gang the Aryan Brotherhood is involved in organized criminal offense exterior of prison house.

Membership

Different gangs and criminal syndicates have diverse roles and members.[55] Nigh are typically divided into:[56] [57] [58]

  • Boss: known in some groups equally leader, elderberry, don, oyabun, or original gangster, is the i who has control over the motility, plans, and actions of a gang.[58] [59] [60] Gang leaders are the upper echelons of the gang's control. Ofttimes, they altitude themselves from the gang activities and make attempts to appear legitimate, maybe operating a business organisation that they run equally a front for the gang's drug dealing or other illegal operations.[61]
  • Underboss: the 2d in command of the gang.[60]
  • Helm: is the one who upshot the command from the boss/underboss to the gangsters. Captain is responsible for the activities in the field and of the recruitment of new members.[58] [60]
  • Gangsters: also known as soldiers, soldatos, or kobun, are the typical gang members who commit the activities of the gang.[56]
  • Associates: known besides as gang affiliates or hang-arounds, are people who are not full members of the gang, but either support and participate in the activities of a gang, or have livelihoods tied to gang activities.[56] [62] Included here are specialized roles like enforcers (hitmen who work for criminal organizations),[63] falcons ("eyes and ears" of the streets),[64] and mules (smugglers who transports drugs, money, and other contraband materials).[65]

The numerous push factors experienced past at-chance individuals vary situationally, but follow a common theme of the desire for ability, respect, money, and protection. In neighborhoods with high levels of violence, adolescents typically experience pressure to join a street gang for protection from other fierce actors (sometimes including police force violence and the waging of the war on drugs), perpetuating a cycle of violence.[66] These desires are very influential in attracting individuals to join gangs, and their influence is particularly strong on at-hazard youth. Such individuals are oft experiencing depression levels of these diverse factors in their own lives, feeling ostracized from their customs and lacking social support. Joining a gang may announced to them to be the but way to obtain status and material success or escape a cycle of poverty through profits from illegal action. They may feel that "if you lot can't beat 'em, join 'em". Upon joining a gang, they instantly proceeds a feeling of belonging and identity; they are surrounded with individuals whom they can relate to. They have generally grown up in the same area as one some other and can bond over similar needs. In some areas, joining a gang is an integrated role of the growing-up process.[67]

Gang membership is generally maintained by gangs as a lifetime delivery, reinforced through identification such as tattoos, and ensured through intimidation and coercion. Gang defectors are oftentimes subject to retaliation from the deserted gang. Many gangs, including foreign and transnational gangs, hold that the simply mode to go out the gang is through expiry. This is sometimes informally called the "morgue rule".[68]

Gang membership represents the miracle of a chronic grouping criminal spin; accordingly, the misdeed of members is greater when they vest to the gang than when they are non in the gang—either earlier or later beingness in the gang. In addition, when together, the gang criminality as a whole is greater than that of its members when they are lone.[69] The gang operates as a whole greater than its parts and influences the behavior of its members in the direction of greater extend and stronger caste of criminality.

Some states have a formal process to establish that a person is a member of a gang, chosen validation. Once a person is validated as a gang member, the person is subject to increased sentences, harsher punishments (such as solitary confinement) and more than restrictive parole rules. To validate a person every bit a gang member, the officials generally must provide prove of several factors, such equally tattoos, photographs, admissions, article of clothing, etc. The legal requirements for validating a person are much lower than the requirements for convicting of a crime.[70] [71] [72] [73]

Non-fellow member women in gang civilisation

Women associated with gangs just who lack membership are typically categorized based on their relation to gang members. A survey of Mexican American gang members and assembly divers these categories every bit girlfriends, hoodrats, skilful girls, and relatives.[74] Girlfriends are long-term partners of male gang members, and may take children with them. "Hoodrats" are seen as being promiscuous and heavy drug and booze users. Gang members may engage in casual sex with these girls, but they are not viewed equally potential long-term partners and are severely stigmatized past both men and women in gang civilisation. "Good girls" are long-term friends of members, often from childhood, and relatives are typically sisters or cousins. These are fluid categories, and women often change status equally they move between them. Valdez plant that women with ties to gang members are often used to concur illegal weapons and drugs, typically, because members believe the girls are less likely to be searched by police for such items.[74]

Initiation

Different gangs from around the world have their manner of recruiting and introducing new members. Most criminal gangs crave an interested candidate to commit a crime to exist inducted into a gang.[75] [76] [77] Many street gangs, like the Bloods and MS-thirteen, accept a ritual where they would shell upward (too known as "crush-in" or "jump-in") aspiring applicants for several seconds to show their toughness, willingness, and loyalty.[75] [78] Some of these gangs allow women to become members either through being jumped-in or having sex with male members (known as "sexed-in").[79]

Biker gangs like the Hells Angels require a candidate, known as a "hang-around", to be observed and mentored by veteran gang members (which can last a year or more) in order to assess their personalities and delivery.[lxxx] The Cosa Nostra requires people wanting to be total members or become fabricated men to take function in a ceremony involving oaths, agreement, and bloodletting to show their loyalty.[81] The Sigue-Sigue Sputnik from the Philippines require gang members to tatoo (or "tatak") the proper noun of the gang or their leader into their body.[82] Triads have a more than unique way of initiating associates into full members. Triad ceremonies take identify at an altar dedicated to Guan Yu (關羽, GuānYǔ), with incense and an animal sacrifice (usually a chicken, pig or caprine animal). After drinking a mixture of vino and blood (from the animate being or the candidate), the member passes beneath an arch of swords while reciting the triad's oaths. The paper on which the oaths are written will be burnt on the altar to ostend the fellow member's obligation to perform his duties to the gods. Three fingers of the left hand are raised every bit a binding gesture.[83] The triad initiate is required to attach to 36 oaths.[84]

Preparation

Grooming and expertise in various forms of illicit activities, including combat, exist variously throughout unlike gangs. Specific members of American mafia groups, like police infiltrators, double agents, and sometimes also enforcers and hitmen, have had backgrounds in constabulary enforcement or the military.[85] Sicilian mafia and Calabrian Mafia in Southern Italy became notorious for creating "schools" in the countryside to train children as young as xi in weapons and illegal activities.[86] Giovanni Tinebra, the primary public prosecutor of Caltanissetta, once stated, "Instead of going to school, many boys go into the countryside where there are people who teach them to shoot and turn them into killing machines."[86]

Some drug cartels in Republic of colombia and Mexico take established themselves every bit paramilitaries. The primeval and almost famous instance was the time when the Medellin Cartel hired Israeli soldier Yair Klein to railroad train militiamen and assassins.[87] [88] Los Zetas became infamous for being founded past Us-trained Mexican commandos.[89] Together with Kaibiles from Republic of guatemala, they set up camps to train future sicarios and soldatos.[90] Other Mexican cartels who trained their members include the Jalisco Cartel, who would train their members for 3 months in ambushes, codes of silence and discipline, within camps.[91]

In the case of street gangs, virtually do not train their members in shooting and combat.[92] Although a few would railroad train their youths how to shoot using empty cans and bottles as targets (with some cases using underground shooting ranges[93]), most gangsters have no formal instructions in firearms usage and safety.[92] The late 90s and early on 2000s saw many gang members in the US existence sent by judges to the armed forces to "fix them on the right path", which only led to these street gangs gaining war machine preparation and experience.[85] Many street gangs, most notably Africa-American gangs like the Folk Nation and Bloods, go along to accept a presence in the Us Military.[94] [95]

Typical activities

The United Nations estimates that gangs make nigh of their coin through the drugs trade, which is thought to exist worth $352 billion in full.[96] The U.s.a. Department of Justice estimates there are approximately 30,000 gangs, with 760,000 members, impacting 2,500 communities beyond the United States.[97]

Gangs are involved in all areas of street-crime activities like extortion, drug trafficking,[98] both in and outside the prison organisation, and theft. Gangs also victimize individuals by robbery and kidnapping.[99] Cocaine is the primary drug of distribution by gangs in America, which have used the cities Chicago, Cape Boondocks, and Rio de Janeiro to transport drugs internationally.[100] Brazilian urbanization has driven the drug trade to the favelas of Rio. Oftentimes, gangs hire "lookouts" to warn members of upcoming law enforcement. The dense environments of favelas in Rio and public housing projects in Chicago have helped gang members hibernate from police hands.[101]

Street gangs take over territory or "turf" in a particular metropolis and are ofttimes involved in "providing protection", often a thin embrace for extortion, as the "protection" is usually from the gang itself, or in other criminal activity. Many gangs use fronts to demonstrate influence and gain revenue in a particular area.[102]

Gang violence

Gang violence refers generally to the illegal and non-political acts of violence perpetrated by gangs confronting civilians, other gangs, law enforcement officers, firefighters, or military personnel.[103] [104] A gang war is a type of small state of war that occurs when two gangs end upwardly in a feud over territory or vendetta.[105] Gang warfare mostly consists of sanctioned and unsanctioned hits, street fighting, and gun violence.[106]

Modernistic gangs introduced new acts of violence, which may likewise function as a rite of passage for new gang members.[107] In 2006, 58 percent of L.A.'s murders were gang-related.[108] Reports of gang-related homicides are full-bodied mostly in the largest cities in the The states, where there are long-standing and persistent gang problems and a greater number of documented gang members—most of whom are identified by law enforcement.[109] Gang-related activity and violence has increased along the U.Due south. Southwest border region, every bit US-based gangs human activity as enforcers for Mexican drug cartels.[110]

Gang violence in schools

Despite gangs usually formed in the community, not specifically in schools, gang violence tin can potentially affect schools in different ways including:[111]

  • Gangs tin can recruit members in schools;
  • Gang members from the aforementioned school tin can engage in violence on the school premises or around their schoolhouse;[111]
  • Gang members from the same school can commit violence against other students in the same school who belong to a dissimilar gang or who exercise not belong to a gang;
  • Gangs may commit violence against other schools and students in the customs where they are active, even if these students practice not belong to a gang.[111]

Global information on the prevalence of these dissimilar forms of gang violence in and around schools is limited. However, available testify suggests that gang violence is more than common in schools where students are exposed to other forms of community violence and where they fear violence at schoolhouse.[112]

Children who grow up in neighbourhoods with high levels of criminal offence has been identified as a chance factor for youth violence, including gang violence.[113] [114] According to studies, children who knew many adult criminals were more than likely to engage in violent behaviour past the age of 18 years than those who did not.[114]

Gang violence is oftentimes associated with carrying weapons, including in school.[112] A written report of x–19-year-olds in the Britain found that 44% of those who reported belonging to a delinquent youth group had committed violence and xiii% had carried a knife in the previous 12 months versus 17% and 4% respectively among those who were not in such a grouping.[115]

According to a meta-analysis of xiv countries in North America, Europe, the Center East, Primal and Due south America, sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific also showed that carrying a weapon at school is associated with bullying victimization.[116]

Comparison of Global Schoolhouse-based Educatee Wellness Survey (GSHS) data on school violence and bullying for countries that are specially afflicted past gang violence suggests that the links may be limited. In Republic of el salvador and Republic of guatemala, for example, where gang violence is a serious problem, GSHS data show that the prevalence of bullying, concrete fights and concrete attacks reported by school students is relatively low, and is similar to prevalence in other countries in Central America where gang violence is less prevalent.[111]

Sexual violence

Women in gang culture are oft in environments where sexual assault is common and considered to be a norm.[74] Women who nourish social gatherings and parties with heavy drug and booze use are particularly likely to be assaulted. A girl who becomes intoxicated and flirts with men is often seen as "asking for it" and is written off every bit a "hoe" by men and women.[74] "Hoodrats" and girls associated with rival gangs have lower status at these social events, and are victimized when members view them as fair game and other women rationalize assault against them.

Motives

Virtually mod enquiry on gangs has focused on the thesis of class struggle post-obit the work of Walter B. Miller and Irving Spergel. In this body of piece of work The Gaylords are cited as the prime example of an American gang that is neither Black nor Hispanic. Some researchers have focused on ethnic factors. Frederic Thrasher, who was a pioneer of gang research, identified "demoralization" as a standard feature of gangs. John Hagedorn has argued that this is ane of iii concepts that shed lite on patterns of arrangement in oppressed racial, religious and ethnic groups (the other ii are Manuel Castells' theory of "resistance identity and Derrick Bell'southward work on the permanence of racism).[117] Ancestral tribalism and control of women is the master motivator.

Commonly, gangs have gained the most control in poorer, urban communities and developing countries in response to unemployment and other services.[118] Social disorganization, and the disintegration of societal institutions such equally family, school, and the public safety net, enable groups of peers to grade gangs.[119] According to surveys conducted internationally by the World Bank for their Earth Development Report 2022, past far the most common reason people suggest as a motive for joining gangs is unemployment.[120]

Ethnic solidarity is a common factor in gangs. Black and Hispanic gangs formed during the 1960s in the USA often adapted nationalist rhetoric.[121] Both majority and minority races in order have established gangs in the proper noun of identity: the Igbo gang Bakassi Boys in Nigeria defend the majority Igbo group violently and through terror, and in the United States, whites who experience threatened by minorities have formed their own gangs, such every bit the Ku Klux Klan. Responding to an increasing blackness and Hispanic migration, a white gang formed chosen Chicago Gaylords.[122] Some gang members are motivated by organized religion, as is the instance with the Muslim Patrol and the Epstein-Wolmark gang.[123]

Identification

Nigh gang members have identifying characteristics which are unique to their specific clique or gang.[124] The Bloods, for instance, habiliment carmine bandanas, the Crips blue, assuasive these gangs to "represent" their affiliation. Any boldness of a gang fellow member's color past an unaffiliated individual is regarded as grounds for vehement retaliation, oftentimes past multiple members of the offended gang. Tattoos are also common identifiers,[125] such as an '18' to a higher place the eyebrow to identify a fellow member of the 18th Street gang. Tattoos help a gang fellow member gain respect within their group, and marker them as members for life. Tattoos tin can also represent the level they are in the gang, being that certain tattoos can hateful they are a more accomplished member. The accomplishments can be related to doing an dangerous act that showed your loyalty to the gang. They can be burned on as well as inked. Some gangs make use of more one identifier, like the Nortenos, who clothing red bandanas and take "14", "Fourteen", "x4", and "Norte" tattoos.[126] Some members of criminal gangs are "jumped in" (by going through a process of initiation), or have to prove their loyalty and correct to belong by committing certain acts, usually theft or violence.

Gangs frequently establish distinctive, feature identifiers including graffiti tags[127] colors, hand signals, wear (for example, the gangsta rap-type hoodies), jewelry, hair styles, fingernails, slogans,[128] signs (such equally the noose and the burning cantankerous as the symbols of the Klan),[129] flags[130] clandestine greetings, slurs, or lawmaking words and other group-specific symbols associated with the gang's common beliefs, rituals, and mythologies to define and differentiate themselves from other groups and gangs.[131]

As an alternative language, paw-signals, symbols, and slurs in speech, graffiti, print, music, or other mediums communicate specific advisory cues used to threaten, disparage, taunt, harass, intimidate, alert, influence,[132] or exact specific responses including obedience, submission, fear, or terror. One written report focused on terrorism and symbols states that "[southward]ymbolism is important because it plays a role in impelling the terrorist to act and then in defining the targets of their actions."[133] Displaying a gang sign, such equally the noose, as a symbolic act can exist construed equally "a threat to commit violence communicated with the intent to terrorize another, to cause evacuation of a building, or to cause serious public inconvenience, in reckless disregard of the take chances of causing such terror or inconvenience … an offense against property or involving danger to some other person that may include only is non limited to recklessly endangering another person, harassment, stalking, ethnic intimidation, and criminal mischief."[134]

The Internet is one of the most significant media used by gangs to communicate in terms of the size of the audience they can attain with minimal attempt and reduced risk. Social media provides a forum for recruitment activities, typically provoking rival gangs through derogatory postings, and to glorify their gang and themselves.[135]

US Debate surrounding touch

Researchers and activists in the United States accept debated the truthful impact of The states gangs on law-breaking in the United States, with a 2022 episode of the You're Wrong About podcast claiming that the perceived increase in gang violence was in fact an overblown moral panic.[136] There have been repeated complaints of bias around the enforcement of gang-related laws asking why Frats and Gangs are treated differently "They're both blamed for predisposing their members to violent acts, merely they've sparked radically dissimilar public-policy responses."[137]

Activists have also made the link between a perceived increase in gang activity and the sharp ascension in US police budgets[138] while pointing out rampant corruption in police gang units, such as the Rampart scandal in the Los Angeles Police Force.

UK Contend surrounding impact

In the UK context, law enforcement agencies are increasingly focusing enforcement efforts on gangs and gang membership. However debate persists over the extent and nature of gang activity in the UK,[139] [140] with some academics and policy-makers arguing that the current focus is inadvisable, given a lack of consensus over the relationship between gangs and law-breaking.[140]

The Runnymede Trust suggests that, despite the well-rehearsed public discourse around youth gangs and "gang culture", "We actually know very little nigh 'gangs' in the UK: about how 'a gang' might be defined or understood, virtually what being in 'a gang' means ... Nosotros know however less about how 'the gang' links to levels of youth violence."[141]

Professor Simon Hallsworth argues that, where they exist, gangs in the U.k. are "far more fluid, volatile and amorphous than the myth of the organized group with a corporate construction".[140] This assertion is supported by a field study conducted by Manchester Academy, which institute that "near within- and between-gang disputes ... emanated from interpersonal disputes regarding friends, family and romantic relationships", as opposed to territorial rivalries, and that criminal enterprises were "rarely gang-coordinated ... nigh involved gang members operating as individuals or in pocket-sized groups."[140]

Cottrell-Boyce, writing in the Youth Justice journal, argues that gangs take been synthetic as a "suitable enemy" past politicians and the media, obscuring the wider, structural roots of youth violence. At the level of enforcement, a focus on gang membership may exist counterproductive; creating confusion and resulting in a drag-internet arroyo which tin criminalise innocent young people rather than focusing resources on serious violent crime.[140]

Gang membership in the US military

Gang members in uniform use their military noesis, skills and weapons to commit and facilitate diverse crimes. As of April 2022, the NGIC has identified members of at least 53 gangs whose members have served in or are affiliated with The states military.[110]

In 2006, Scott Barfield, a Defence force Department investigator, said in that location is an online network of gangs and extremists: "They're communicating with each other virtually weapons, nearly recruiting, about keeping their identities secret, well-nigh organizing within the military."[142]

A 2006 Sun-Times article reports that gangs encourage members to enter the military to acquire urban warfare techniques to teach other gang members.[143] A Jan 2007 commodity in the Chicago Sun-Times reported that gang members in the military are involved in the theft and sale of military weapons, ammunition, and equipment, including torso armor. The Sun-Times began investigating the gang activity in the military after receiving photos of gang graffiti showing up in Iraq.

The FBI's 2007 study on gang membership in the military states that the military machine's recruit screening process is ineffective, allows gang members/extremists to enter the military, and lists at to the lowest degree eight instances in the last 3 years in which gang members have obtained war machine weapons for their illegal enterprises.[144] "Gang Activity in the U.S. Military Increasing", dated Jan 12, 2007, states that street gangs including the Bloods, Crips, Black Disciples, Gangster Disciples, Hells Angels, Latin Kings, The 18th Street Gang, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), Mexican Mafia, Norteños, Sureños, and Vice Lords have been documented on military installations both domestic and international although recruiting gang members violates military regulations.[145]

See also

  • Collective narcissism
  • Criminal tattoo
  • Drug cartel
  • Gang population
  • Gangs in Australia
  • Gangs in Canada
  • Gangs in New Zealand
  • Gangs in Due south Africa
  • Gangs in the United Kingdom
  • Gangs in the United States
  • List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates
  • List of known gang members
  • Malcolm Westward. Klein
  • Organized crime
    • Organized crime in Italia
  • Outlaw motorcycle lodge
  • Raskol gangs
  • Schoolhouse violence
  • Triad (organized crime)
  • Violent extremism
  • Tearing non-state player
  • War on Gangs

Sources

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References

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  2. ^ Cleasby/Vigfusson An Icelandic-English Lexicon (1874); GÖNGUDRYKKJA -- GARÐR
  3. ^ "Gang". dictionary.com.
  4. ^ "Hullo, gang! (used with friends)". wordreference.com.
  5. ^ Caspar Walsh (10 November 2022). "Gangs are good for social club". theguardian.com.
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Bibliography

  • Hagedorn, John G. (2008), A Earth of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Us: Academy of Minnesota Press, ISBN978-0-8166-5066-8
  • O'Deane, Matthew D. (2010), Gangs: Theory, Practice and Inquiry, San Clemente, California, United states of america: Lawtechcustompublishing.com, ISBN978-1-933778-nineteen-8, archived from the original on 2022-03-05, retrieved 2011-05-07
  • Betimes. 2022. "Gangs from Different Sociological Perspectives and Theories." UKEssays.com. Retrieved October 30, 2022 ).
  • Collins, Angela Grand., Scott Menard and David Pyrooz. 2022. "Collective Behavior and the Generality of Integrated Theory: A National Study of Gang Fighting." Deviant Behavior 39(8):992-1005

External links

Media related to Gangs (organized crime) at Wikimedia Commons

How To Start A Gang Set,

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